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July 2008
Supertree of Dinosaur Evolution
Check out the new supertree of dinosaur evolution.
Credit: Royal Society |
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NASA Images Online
Visit the new NASA Images website for all your NASA media needs.
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Cyborgs, We?
Credit: _MaO_ |
The American Heritage Dictionary defines a cyborg as, “A human who has certain physiological processes aided or controlled by mechanical or electronic devices.” Under this definition, people who wear glasses, hearing aides, and even drive cars are cyborgs. With physiological defined as “consistent with the normal functioning of an organism,” we would also consider people who use computers, calculators, and even wristwatches cyborgs for aiding their normal cognitive functions with technological solutions.
The Wikipedia entry for Cyborg defines it as “an organism that has both artificial and natural systems,” but then goes on to muddy this definition by excluding contact lenses, arguing they make us no more cyborg than a spear, but does include insulin pumps because they require feedback. This opens a whole semantical can of worms as we attempt to define what constitutes “feedback.”
Science fiction cyborgs are easy to define: anything part animal, part machine that’s too advanced for present technology. As a human living in a life support suit, Darth Vader is a cyborg. As a robot living in human skin, the Terminator is a cyborg. This definition is easy because it makes cyborgs a state of being always out of reach; however, it also makes the word doomed to obsolescence as we will inevitably one day create the cyborgs of science fiction dreams.
Credit: Roberto Rizzato |
The etymology of “cyborg” is Cybernetic + Organism. “Organism” is easy, but “cybernetics” isn’t. The word Cybernetics comes from the Greek word for steersman, kybernetes (controlling-governing), as in one who pilots a ship is a cyborg. The steersman controls the boat, ‘but the boat interacts with the steersman.’ They create a system, the steersman feeling the wind and the tilt of the boat, the boat responding to the steersman’s adjustments. Together, they become a cybernetic organism that is millennia old.
Cybernetics is a fuzzily defined academic study. Norbert Wiener founded Cybernetics as the study of ‘Control and communication in the animal or in the machine.’ Heinz von Foerster emphasized the word ‘circularity‘in describing cybernetics as a discipline, the feedback loop. Principia Cybernetica’s authors seek to narrow cybernetics to the search for general principles that govern complex, self-regulating systems.
The Earth is a cybernetic system, the organisms living on it modifying its environment, and the environment shaping the organisms in turn through natural selection. This makes evolution a cybernetic principle that explains the emergent complexity of the world around us.
We are each of us organisms. We are each of us complex systems of feedback and control. Are we therefore cyborgs at birth, before we have even supplemented our physiology with clothing to keep us warm?
Further Reading:
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I’ve Been Hacked by the Iranians!
My pretty-much dead website waygate.com (which I’m not linking to because it’s got malware right now), where I was keeping an ever-expanding list of science links, hasn’t been updated in over six months. So it makes sense that I wouldn’t notice this has taken over it:
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There was a momentary “WHA!?!?” moment upon seeing this, but once I verified the hackers hadn’t taken down any of the other accounts I host, I calmed down, and thought about it.
How freakin’ cool is this???
They uploaded a 3kb “index.htm” file to the site, which my anti-virus software gives me a malware alert when I try to download it, and I get an error when I try to delete it. I’ve submitted a trouble ticket to my host, and leave it in their hands.
Apparently these guys are pretty good at this, as a search for “MazHaR_FasHisT” reveals:
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Maybe I should upset about this, but they haven’t done any real damage, and I get a glimpse of the artists at work.
Note: As someone who works in IT Security pointed out, these are probably not really Iranians.
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The American Human Development Project
The American Human Development Project ranks states and congressional districts using a similar criteria the UN uses to rank countries. Find out where you reside on the Well-O-Meter here (My HD index is 9.02! Yay!!!).
Life Expectancy at Birth |
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Molecular “Hula Hoop”
Japanese researchers have built a molecular motor, and it works like a hula hoop.
Credit: (C) Wiley-VCH 2008 |
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Homo sapiens, The Long-Distance Running Mammal
As a child, I was a master at chasing the ice cream man. I remember one time when that big white truck got a good four-block lead on me before I leapt outside in a pavlovian response to its musical tunes (I still salivate when I hear them). That time, the ice cream man let me chase him over a mile, clear into another neighborhood, before stopping to sell me $0.35 worth of sweet tarts. Although I was too young to care at the time, as an adult I look back on that experience and realize how degrading it was.
But no longer! The 2006 Discover article Born To Run explores the hypothesis that human beings evolved to be long-distance runners, allowing us to chase down big game, which could only flee across short distances at high bursts of speed.
I wasn’t some addict kid needing a sugar-fix, chasing after the ice cream truck!!! I was a lean, mean predator, following my primal instincts and running down my prey!!!
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DaisyWorld, A Fable of Planetary Homeostasis
Credit: GingerBooth.com |
Long long ago in a galaxy far far away, there was a cold, gray planet named DaisyWorld orbiting a star much like our Sun. On this planet some aliens scientists sprinkled some seeds that produced only white and black daisies. The aliens were performing an experiment just like James Lovelock’s 1983 thought experiment, which might seem like a really big coincidence, but great minds think alike and there are over a hundred billion galaxies in the Universe and a hundred billion stars just in our own galaxy. So the odds a pretty good that somewhere out there this is a true story.
So could you please just play along for a moment? Thanks.
At first, only the black daisies could survive on this cold planet. Their black coloration allowed them to absorb sunlight as thermal energy, like leather car seats, keeping them warm through the harsh winters, while the white daisies reflected sunlight back into space, absorbing very little of the sun’s heat. DaisyWorld was almost completely covered in black daisies.
The heat absorbed by the black daisies was released to the rest of the planet, which began to heat up very slowly. Over… oh… let’s say a million years, DaisyWorld became warm enough for the white daisies to survive a little bit too.
(It should also be noted that these were special daisies that always reproduced perfectly every time, without mutation, which is why evolution and biodiversity aren’t included in this story to complicate things for us.)
Eventually, DaisyWorld got so warm that the black daisies’ ability to absorb sunlight as heat became deleterious to their survival, and they began to wilt. This left room for the white daisies to thrive, because they could keep cool by reflecting sunlight instead of absorbing it, and soon DaisyWorld was covered in white daisies.
But the white daisies didn’t absorb much sunlight as thermal energy, instead they reflected that light back into space, and in just a few million years, DaisyWorld got cold again.
Again the black daisies thrived, warming the planet, and then the white daisies, cooling it. Back and forth, back and forth, like a swing, DaisyWorld got hot and cold.
But, also like a swing left to swing on its own, each of DaisyWorld’s temperature extremes became less and less severe. Until eventually there was just the right number of black and white daisies to keep the planet at just the right temperature for all of them.
Then all the daisies lived happily ever after—or at least until an asteroid caused a mass extinction or their sun went supernova or the eventual heat death of the Universe.
Even the aliens were happy, because their experiment supported their hypothesis that biological and physical components of a planet form a complex interacting feedback system that maintains conditions in a preferred homeostasis.
The End.
See Also:
- ThinkQuest has a spiffy flash demo explaining DaisyWorld
- A collection of Graphs and Equations explaining DaisyWorld.
- GingerBooth has a DaisyWorld Simulation worth checking out.
- Another DaisyWorld Applet. This one much more complex.
- Also consider the feedback loop our CO2 and methane emissions are producing on our planet with this video of the last 30 years of Arctic Ice disintegration. Ice reflects sunlight back to space like the white daisies, water absorbs sunlight as thermal energy:
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The Atomic Blast in the First Millionth of a Second
Images of the atomic blast in it’s first millionth of a second.
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Howtoons
 howtoons.com legends |
Mechanical Toys, Wedgie-proof underwear, Virtual Cannon Balls, Circus Science… These are just some of the topics covered at the Howtoons.com website, an educational online comic with fun games and experiments for kids.
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Harry Reid Says “Coal Makes Us Sick”
The Republican blogosphere is up in arms over this video of Harry Reid pointing out that “Coal makes us sick:”
The right-wing blogs responded by calling him names and arguing that the oil industry provides for us, but completely ignoring the real question, Do fossil fuels make us sick?
Let’s Review:
Continuous contact with motor oil causes skin cancer. Diesel Truck drivers are 50% more likely to get lung cancer, while auto mechanics are more likely to die from a wide variety of cancer-related diseases. 12,000 Coal Miners died of black lung disease between 1992 and 2002. According to the UK’s Health and Safety Executive, Vehicle exhaust emissions:
…irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, and are a risk to health by breathing in. Petrol or gas (LPG) fuelled engine fumes contain up to 10% carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas. Prolonged exposure to diesel fumes, especially blue or black smoke, could lead to coughing, chestiness and breathlessness, and there is evidence that long term exposure may increase the risk of lung cancer.
Run a car in a closed space, like a garage, and you will asphixiate very quickly. One gallon of motor oil can ruin a million gallons of freshwater if dumped into the public water system “- a year’s supply of water for 50 people.” At the Coast Guard base where I work, a small amount of jet fuel, which is kerosene-based, leaked into the ground at one site, it will take years of phytoremediation to make the field usable again.
In Ecuador cancer rates were found to be 150 percent higher in an oil-drilling area than in other parts of Ecuador. Lukemia rates in those same areas where three times the norm.
Coal Fired power plants shorten nearly 24,000 lives a year, including 2,800 from lung cancer. Fish populations across the globe are increasingly becoming contaminated with mercury, dumped into the environment by these plants. With levels rising, the American Geological Institute has issued fish advisories warning the public about the health risks posed by eating certain fish.
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All of these issues, and then there’s this:
The Department of Energy is currently seeking $648 million for “clean coal” projects in its 2009 budget request, “representing the largest budget request for coal RD&D in over 25 years.”
And then there’s that whole Global Warming thing, of which fossil fuels is a major contributor to greenhouse gases, which many people still don’t believe despite all of the following organizations and scientific bodies making statements asserting their acceptance of the Theory:
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G8
Brazil’s Academia Brasileira de Ciéncias
France’s Académie des Sciences
Italy’s Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei
Russia’s Academy of Sciences
United State’s National Academy of Sciences
Royal Society of Canada
Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina
Science Council of Japan
Academy of Science of South Africa
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Indian National Science Academy
Academia Mexicana de Ciencias
United Kingdom’s Royal Society
Malaysia’s Academy of Sciences
New Zealand’s Academy Council of the Royal Society
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Australian Academy of Sciences
Woods Hole Research Center
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
American Meteorological Society (AMS)
National Research Council
Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (CMOS)
Federal Climate Change Science Program
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
UN Project on Climate Variability and Predictability
American Geophysical Union
Geological Society of America
American Chemical Society
American Association of State Climatologists
US Geological Survey (USGS)
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
NASA’s Goddard Institute of Space Studies (GISS)
World Meteorological Organization
Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospherice Sciences
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Australian Meteorological And Oceanographic Society
Pew Center on Climate Change
928 peer reviewed scientific journal papers
With all this evidence, and this being just the tip of the iceberg, the real sickness is arguing that we should be finding more oil to poison ourselves rather than investing in solar, wind, hydrogen, and other clean energies.
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How to Turn Your PC into a Science TV
Step the First
Download Miro Player, the free and open-source RSS aggregator for video podcasts. I’m sure there are others, but Miro is, to my experience, the sleekest and most user friendly.
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Step the Second
Subscribe to the following shows:
- Nova’s Science Now presents engaging science from a longtime standard in documentary-making.
- PBS has a HUGE collection of classic clips from their documentaries. Awe inspiring, wonderful stuff!
- National Geographic’s Wild Chronicles are great, short clips to enchant you.
- dh love life is Daryl Hannah’s regular video blog exploring sustainable living. Fun and thoughtful (although a bit too new age at times).
- EcoGeeks’ Wild Classroom has it’s misses, but overall it’s a worthy subscription.
- Wired Science often introduces me to the more “out-there” science news.
- Dr. Kiki’s Food Science is fun, entertaining, and involves the chemistry in your kitchen. Highly highly recommended.
- Science Sensei is my favorite of ScienCentral’s videos. His kung-fu is superior.
- TED Talks takes the world’s most intriguing intellectuals and gives them 18 minutes on the soapbox.
- Every episode of Seed Salon takes two great minds and allows us to be a fly on the wall for their dinner conversation.
- Evolution Entertainment is a recent addition to my playlist, also of remarkable quality.
- Life on Terra is my absolute FAV. It’s hard to believe there are documentaries of this caliber for free online.
There are many many more shows out there. You can do a search on “Science” from your Miro Player to find them. There’s more content than I can keep up with. Enjoy!
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Ladybug Counting for Science
Citizen Science Opportunity: Cornell University is asking for digital photographs of ladybugs for their Lost Ladybug Project.
Credit: Jon Sullivan |
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The Internet is a Mirror…
Tarot Card |
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| House Cat | 100% |
| Racoon | 100% |
| Coyote | 100% |
| Medium Sized Dog | 100% |
| Large Dog | 100% |
| Wolf | 100% |
| Small Shark | 93% |
| Large Shark | 75% |
| Predetory Cat | 100% |
| Elephant | 97% |
| Lion or Tiger | 93% |
| Bear | 90% |
| Alligator | 78% |
| Gorilla | 82% |
| Human | 100% |
How did people know anything about themselves before the Internet?
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Published at the SCQ: Explaining Our World: Science VS Creationism
My latest article is up at the Science Creative Quarterly:
Explaining Our World: Science VS Creationism.
My previous articles are still available there as well:
Tragedy of the Commons Explained With Smurfs
Science Fiction VS Fantasy: An Opinionated Guide
Enjoy!
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Why a Base-10 Number System?
In Olaf Stapledon’s 1935 science fiction novel “Odd John,” an evolutionary leap of a human child wonders why we built our number system on units of ten. After all, the number twelve has six factors, meaning it is divisible by six numbers, {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}, while ten only has four factors, {1, 2, 5, 10}. Wouldn’t a base-12 number system be more practical?
In our decimal (base-10) number system, the number dial flips every ten units. After the number nine, we go back to zero and put a one in front of it in the tenths place (10). When the tenths place reaches nine and the one’s place reaches nine for 99 units, we flip them both to zero and add a one in front of them at the hundredth’s place (100).
Having a duodecimal (base-12) number system would mean flipping back to zero every 12 units. So after “9,” we would have “A” (or some other symbol representing 10), and “B” (or some other symbol for 11). So 8.. 9… A… B… 10, where the “1” is the twelve’s place (known as the “dozen” place), so a duodecimal “10” is our decimal 12. Similarly, 12X12, or 124 is represented by “100.” So counting up: B8… B9… BA… BB… 100.
Credit: RodrigoSampaioPrimo |
Does this seem otherworldly? Then consider this, days and nights are measured in 12-hour blocks, with hours subdivided into 60 minutes and minutes in to 60 seconds, all divisible by 12. We use a duodecimal number system to measure time; although we annotate it in decimal.
In the digital universe that exists inside of our computers, everything must begin with the bit, enough room to store a single unit of data. This means computers must use a base-2 number system, also known as binary. Counting up, after the number one, we flip to zero with a “1” in the second place (known as the “pair”), so the number 2 is represented by “10,” three by “11,” four by “100,” five by “101,” six by “110”, seven by “111,” and eight by “1000.” Every one or zero in the digital ecosystem taking up one bit of space.
It’s difficult for humans to work with the long strings of ones and zeros in binary number systems, and binary’s powers, {1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64…} do not divide, and therefore translate, well into our decimal system {1, 2, 5, 10}. For this reason, many computer programmers rely on a hexadecimal (base-16) number system, which counts up as 8… 9… A… B… C… D… E… F… 10. With “10” representing decimal’s 16.
Credit: Bernard Ladenthin |
This way, a single hexadecimal symbol can represent up to four binary symbols. Hexadecimal’s “F” represents decimal’s 15 and binary’s “1111.” The World Wide Web uses hexadecimal triplets to define Red, Green, and Blue (R,G,B) values for colors on web pages. For example (0,0,0) or “#000000” translates to zero Red, zero Green, zero Blue, which is black, and (FF,FF,FF) or “#FFFFFF” translates to 256 Red, 256 Green, and 256 Blue, which is white. “#00FF00” is Green, and “#008800” is light green. Setting any of these values between zero and FF will give you 24-bit color, nearly all of the colors in the visible spectrum.
So we’ve played with powers of one, powers of 10, powers of 12, and powers of 16, but there are many more. There is quinary (base-5) and vigesimal (base-20). The ancient Sumerians used a sexagesimal (base-60) number system, which was adopted by the Babylonians. If this sounds extremely out there, consider that we still have the remnant’s of this system in our modern measurements of time (60 minutes, 60 seconds), angles and geographic coordinates (360 degrees).
With so many options available to us, why do we use a decimal number system?
Because it’s the number of fingers we have on our hands!
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Boom-De-Yada Boom-De-Yada Boom-De-Yada Boom-De-Yada
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10 Things in My Yard
Following TGAW’s Thread responding to the No Child Left Inside Coalition’s claim that “young people could identify 1000 corporate logos but fewer than 10 plants or animals native to their backyards,” I decided to take a shot at naming ten things in my yard.
FAIL.
If I counted the fruit trees, the mimosa tree, and wisteria vine I’d planted since taking over the property, then yeah, no problem, but finding 10 species that I could name that were just there to begin with was just barely out of my reach. Here’s what I came up with.
Psyche carpini |
Easy. One of my chores was pulling these little buggers off all the bushes in our yard as a kid, piling them up in one spot, and torching them. Fun!
Taxodium distichum |
Moderate. The tree to the right of this photo is what those wood-humps (called “knees”) sticking up out of the swamp are connected to. Said knees are sticking up around and under my house. Oh the joys of living in a swamp.
Corvus brachyrhynchos |
FAIL. I thought these were blackbirds. I’m not even certain they’re crows, but they sure aren’t ravens, too small.
Trifolium repens and Bombus lucorum |
Easy and Easy. Everybody knows clovers, and most of us have stepped on a bumblebee walking barefoot through a clover patch (if you haven’t, I highly recommend it). Negative reinforcement makes for good learning.
Lonicera japonica |
Moderate. I thought this was just honeysuckle, but apparently it’s an invasive species, but one that’s very popular and smells nice, so nobody minds.
Phoradendron serotinum |
Moderate. Mistletoe is the green bushy stuff in trees that remains when winter cold has stripped all else away. I learned this a few years back when a friend about near killed himself trying to acquire some for his wife.
Sisyrinchium rosulatum |
FAIL. I had no idea what this stuff was, and it took an hour of searching the Webbernets to find out. It’s very pretty and it smells nice too. Elizabeth City is the first place I’ve seen it, and it’s all over everybody’s yards in Spring.
Turdus migratorius |
Easy. If the Robins hadn’t scared off the Blue Jay, I might’ve succeeded in my quest. Robins are very nice, but Blue Jays are so wonderfully confrontational, conversational, and they’ve got a cool head crest to boot!
Rosa ?????? |
Easy. My neighbor told me what it was when he saw I was about to chainsaw it down.
Felis catus |
I’m not counting my old three-legged, snotty, patchwork mess of a cat, Mollie, in my 10 things, but she did follow me around the yard wondering what I was up to.
Larger images available at the complete flickr set.
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People age 1 to 100 Hitting a Drum
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Putting Microbes to Work for Us
“civilization is a race between education and catastrophe.” - H.G. Welles
It took life on Earth millions years to figure out how to digest cellulose, the hard wall that makes up the cells of plants, efficiently to get at the energy inside it. In fact, complex lifeforms, such as Cows and Termites, have to take the indirect route of enlisting bacteria in their guts to digest the cellulose for them.
In one of the many many many asides he takes in his book A Short History of Nearly Everything, Bill Bryson talks about plastics being made of hydrocarbons found in oil and natural gas. Although plastics are non-biodegradable, there is a great deal of energy still stored in those hydrocarbons, just waiting for the right lifeform to evolve along and start consuming them.
There is now a continent-sized vortex of the Pacific Ocean swimming with plastic junk. Sea turtles and birds are mistaking plastic bags for jellyfish, ingesting them and dieing. Plastic particles are accumulating in the food chain, appearing, undigested, in the feces of seals and other animals.
Credit: spike55151 |
In his book, The Andromeda Strain, Michael Crichton fictionalizes a microbe that mutates to eat rubber. Today, numerous scientists and companies are engineering microbes to eat plastic, or more precisely, microbes with the ability to break down plastics to get at the bounty of hydrocarbons locked up within them.
Companies, like Verde Environmental and WonderChem, produce solutions of microbial cultures that eat oil, slowly. Recently, 16-year-old Daniel Burd, of Waterloo, recently isolated the microbes that eat plastic bags as a Science Fair project, earning him a $10,000 prize and $20,000 scholarship. His discovery may reduce the time it take to degrade plastic bags to just three months. A shovel-full of soil from anywhere on Earth contains millions of the oil-eating Pseudomonas bacteria. It’s just a matter of encouraging these microbes to be fruitful and multiply
The Law of Unintended Consequences comes into play at this point. Algae-like bacteria live in both diesel and biodiesel fuel, clogging up the engines they contaminate. Organisms like these have all ready ruined a large amount of Earth’s underground petroleum, leaving sulfer and methane as byproducts. A quick look at all the modern conveniences requiring plastics that we rely on give us a hint as to the pandora’s box we might be dabbling with here, meaning we might end up needing microbes to clean up the microbes.
“There was an old lady who swallowed a fly…”
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Free LEDs for the 4th of July!
Drop by the Port Discover Science Center’s stand downtown to pick up a free LED light with lithium battery that you can use as an itty-bitty book light!
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The Climate Time Machine
Check out NASA’s Climate Time Machine to learn about sea levels, CO2 emissions, and global average temperatures.
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Prescience, Futurism, Hard SF… Go See WALL-E
Credit: Pixar Studios |
Great Science Fiction films come out so rarely that I am overjoyed when a movie like Pixar’s WALL-E hits the screens. This is one of those rare SF stories that ventures into the distant future, a place so alien most SF writers don’t want to touch it.
WALL-E leaps more that 700 years into the future to a dystopian time where the human race has evacuated the Earth after burying it in trash. Waste Allocation Load Lifters Earth-Class (WALL-E) robots are left with the task of cleaning up the planet so humans may one day return. Only one such robot remains, WALL-E, with a cockroach as a companion, where all the other bots have long-since broken down.
Credit: Pixar Studios |
WALL-E has survived these 700 years because it has learned to recycle from the skyscraper-tall mountains of garbage it has assembled. WALL-E is inquisitive, experimenting with the world around it, playing with all the toys left behind from our shopaholic binge on Earth. Its curiosity has obviously also had a crucial role in its survival all these centuries.
WALL-E meets EVE (Extra-terrestrial Vegetation Evaluator), a vastly more advanced robot sent from the humans in space, in a “boy meets girl” storyline that makes WALL-E a stowaway back to the human ship, where we find a society of humans all turned into obese blobs floating on mobile beds which perpetually feed them commercialized media and “meals in cup.” Such a dystopian future is not difficult to imagine in our present society, where we are encouraged to buy things we do not need and consume nutritionless calories far in excess of what our bodies can burn.
Credit: Pixar Studios |
Can WALL-E and EVE save the human race? See for yourself. I left the theater to find myself confronted with a world of brandnames, and a fascinating new perspective on them and what they are doing to our human evolution. Impacting our worldview is what good science fiction is all about.
I also had lots of fun playing with Disney’s WALL-E Website
